Valves come in numerous sizes and configurations and are used in thousands of applications across various industries. Likewise, there are various types of valves used in piping systems. These valves vary by operating mechanism/principle, function and design.

Most common valve types and applications

• Ball valves: Ball Valves are quarter-turn valves that can be used for flow stoppage or flow modulation. They contain a horizontally hollowed-out sphere sitting tightly in the middle of the valve. When the valve is open, the hollow side aligns with the flow. The valve can also be placed in a partially open/closed position. Ball valves work well in high-pressure applications.
  
  
• Butterfly valves: Butterfly valves contain a flat disk/flap that swivels sideways to allow, block or regulate flow. These valves are often used in power plants and wastewater plants as shut off or regulating valves. While they are cheaper and smaller than ball valves, they are not good for high-pressure applications.
  
  
• Check valves: Check Valves allow the flow of media in one direction while preventing flow in the opposite direction. These valves typically have an inlet and an outlet port and operate using differential pressure. They are used to prevent reverse flow — a problematic phenomenon that can occur in piping systems, in which media flows in the wrong direction. This phenomenon can have profound implications such as problematic flow, contamination of the flowing media and damage to the piping system. There are various types of check valves, best suited to different applications.
  
  
• Plug valves: In plug valves, cylindrical or conical plugs are used to control flow. The plug has a horizontal hole through which the media flows. To open the valve, the plug is rotated sideways to align the hole to the flow. Plug valves can commonly be found in radiators, heaters and air systems.
  
  
• Gate valves: Gate Valves are linearly operated valves that contain barriers referred to as gates. The gates are raised and lowered to open and close the valve, respectively. Gate valves are designed to be completely open or completely closed and are not suitable for flow regulation.
  
  
• Globe valves: Globe Valves consist of a globe-shaped disc that blocks flow by closing against an orifice. The globe is raised and lowered by an outside stem and yoke, otherwise known as OS&Y. Unlike gate valves, globe valves can be used to regulate flow as they can be partially opened and partially closed.
  
  
  

Bearings are used to help reduce friction. Metal-upon-metal contact produces large amounts of friction. The friction adds to wear and tear of the metal, producing grinding that slowly degrades the metal. High Temperature Bearing reduces friction by having the two surfaces roll over each other, reducing the amount of friction produced. They consist of a smooth metal ball or roller that rolls against a smooth inner and outer metal surface. The rollers or balls take the load, allowing the device to spin.
The load acted upon a bearing is either a radial or thrust load. Depending on the location of the bearing in the mechanism, it can see all of a radial or thrust load or a combination of both. For example, the bearing in the wheel of your car supports a radial and a thrust load. The weight of the car on the bearing produces a radial load while the thrust load is produced as the car turns a corner. Here we will examine some types of common Agricultural Bearings.

Ball Bearings
Ball Bearings are the most common type of bearing and can handle both radial and thrust loads. Ball bearings are also known as deep-groove single-row or Conrad bearings. The inner ring is typically fastened to the rotating shaft and the groove on the outer diameter provides a circular ball raceway. The outer ring is mounted onto the bearing housing. The ball bearings are housed in a race and when the load is applied, it is transmitted from the outer race to the ball and from the ball to the inner race. The raceway grooves have typical curvature radii of 51.5% to 53% of the ball diameter. Smaller curvature raceways can cause high rolling friction due to the tight conformity of the balls and raceways. Higher curvature raceways can shorten fatigue life from increased stress in the smaller ball-race contract area.

Thin Wall Ball Bearing, also known as Conrad bearings, are typically used in small load applications.
The contact points between the ball and the outer race is very small due to the spherical shape of the bearing. This also helps the ball spin very smoothly. Since the contact point is so small, the bearing can become overloaded at a specific point causing the ball bearing to become deformed. This will ruin the bearing. Ball bearings are typically used in applications where the load is relatively small.

Straight Roller Bearings
Straight roller or cylindrical bearings run in cylindrical raceways and have low-friction, high-radial load capacity, and high speed capability. Roller bearings are cylinder-shaped bearings where the point of contact between the bearing and the race is a line rather than a point. Load is distributed over a larger area and allows the bearing to handle a greater load. To minimize its tendency to skew, the roller’s length is not much greater than the diameter of the roller.


Straight or Cylindrical Roller Bearings can be found in applications like conveyor-belt rollers, which are required to hold heavy radial loads.
Their usual design is free to float axially, and they have roller-guiding flanges on both sides of one ring and none on the other side. This allows for the bearing to expand due to thermal activity when used in combination with a ball bearing’s fixed location at the opposite end. A thrust load can be supported in one direction if a guiding flange is added on one of the opposing rings’ side. A second flange can be added for two-directional thrust capacity.

Needle Roller Bearings
Needle Bearings use elongated cylindrical rolling elements with small diameters. They are used in applications where radial space is limited. The diameter to length ratio for the needles varies between 1-to-2.5 and 1-to-10. Due to their small size, they cannot be guided accurately and generate high amounts of friction. They are used at low speeds and oscillating motions as a result. Cages may be used to help guide the needles and improve retention.

Thrust Bearings
Designed to handle high thrust loads, Thrust Ball Bearings are typically found in gearsets used for car transmissions between gears or between the housing and rotating shafts. The angled teeth found in helical gears used in car transmissions produce a high thrust load that is supported by the roller-thrust bearings. Roller-thrust bearings slide within a roller-race contact to handle the surface-speed variation that comes as a result of the varying diameter across the contact zone.

Tapered Roller Bearings typically consist of two rows of barrel-shaped rollers running in two raceways. One is on the inner ring and the other is on a continuous spherical surface ground on the inner diameter of the outer ring. This allows the bearing to operate with some misalignment. Spherical rollers have barrel profiles that closely match the raceways profiles, hence making them robust and having a high load capacity. They are mounted in pairs inside the bearing housing and are faced in opposite directions. This is done so that the load can be supported in either direction.

We are known for making paper bags, laminating and flexo printing machines. It has designed and developed a new Paper Bag Machine that has increased the production speed by 30% and automates the mold switching process. The machine is developed using standard technology and professional technology, has at least 8 rotating shafts, and can join up to 30 rotating shafts, depending on the customer's specifications. All the electronic systems and software of this machine are developed by us, and the products produced by this machine are far more than similar products on the market.

The consumption of plastic bags continues to decline and is being replaced by paper bags. The structure of the paper bag machine is relatively complicated. Under the current conditions, it takes a long time to change the mold. To solve these problems, we have developed a new Luxury Bag Machine, which is trusted for its engineering and expertise. This newly developed machine can provide products of various sizes and characteristics, so it can switch between different product processes several times a day. It takes quite a long time to switch molds in the process of producing different products in the machines currently in use, and the company's engineers are looking for new ways to solve this problem. With this in mind, they conducted an intensive research and development study to understand how to reduce the delay between the manufacture of different products.

Another important innovation is the increase in the production speed of the machine by approximately 30%. Similar machines on the market can produce 600-700 paper bags per minute, depending on the size of the product, and the new Food Bag Machine will increase this number to 900-1000. During the development of this technology, standard tests and professional tests were carried out. Although the same product is manufactured in Europe at 500 kg, this figure drops to 200 kg in Turkey because this is a demand trend that manufacturers must comply with. If we take the daily production capacity of a machine as 1 ton, assuming that 4 different products are produced in one day, it will take an average of 4 product changes. When the switching time of each product is about 30 minutes, this means that nearly 2 hours are used to change the machine settings every day. This is a long time.

A Printing Machine is a complex piece of high-precision industrial equipment that is designed to produce printed material at a high rate of speed and low cost per page. Printing presses are commercially available which use several different types of printing technologies, but the most common type is called offset lithography. These presses are commonly designed in either sheet-fed configurations, which print on individual sheets of paper or other material, or web-fed configurations, which print on long webs of paper or other material, supplied on large reels. A so-called 'full size' sheet fed offset press prints on sheets that are about 700 mm x 1000 mm in size (about 28 inches x 40 inches). "Half size" and "quarter size" offset presses are also common, and these machines print on sheets that are one-half or one-quarter as large.

Digital Cutting Machines have caught the attention of hobbyists of all sorts including scrapbookers, cookie makers, cake decorators, metal clay and polymer clay artists, and even leather workers.
With so many cutting machines on the market how do you pick the right one? I have all the cutters mentioned here and have spent a month this experimenting with each of them. In order to determine which machine is best for you, first think through what kind of projects you’d like to make? Each machine its own parameters of what’s possible so its important to know what you’ll be using it for.
To start, are you doing this as a hobby or hoping to start a small business? I’ve always believed in buying new equipment that could grow with my ideas. I went shopping for a sewing machine a few years ago and settled on a floor model that had a reduced price. It came with a lot more bells and whistles then I needed or knew how to use at the time, but after a few classes, the creative possibilities with the machine and attachments were really exciting. I feel the same way about digital cutters.

This is our fully automatic paper Handle Making Machines Set with handle loops online. This machine is used for the production of heavy duty paper shopping bags. The heavier grade paper can be printed or coated in advance for very high quality and very strong paper bags. It uses roll fed paper as stock material, the weight of the paper can be adjusted to suit your requirements. These types of paper bag making machinery are used to make paper shopping bags for food, garments, shoes, SOS, etc. The high speed paper bag making machine can be used to manufacture paper bags with handles, with the loop handle inline or online from rope for department store bags, fashion bags, kraft shopping bags, grocery brown paper bags, bread bags and so on. This machine can be used to make the rope handles inline with the paper bag production and also includes an inline gluing station to make this one of the best fully automatic paper bag production machines for multiple paper bag production uses. The machine can also be setup to not include handles if preferred in the production, depending on the customers bag making requirements. The Rope Making Machine is produced with only the very best, high quality electrical parts to ensure the paper bag production line remains stable. For example, the machine uses German Lenze Servo Motor, Lenze Servo Driver, Lenze CPUs. The machine sensors are also all from Germany. This machine delivers excellent reliability and extremley high quality production for the very best printed paper carrier bags, kraft paper or coated stock paper carrier bags.

Depending on the type of food being packed, packing comes in various types. To pack these food materials, various Multi-Lane Packing Machines are used. The packing styles also change depending on the storage life of the product.
Food that are high perishable like fresh processed meats and frozen items are best when vacuum packed since it can tremendously extend its storage life. There is a separate type of Stick Bag Packing Machine or food packing equipment used to perform vacuum packaging of the products.
Here are the various types of food packaging machines:

Food Vacuum Packaging Machine:
It is one of the most efficient Horizontal Doypack Packing Machine to pack foods because it avoids air making food remain fresh. As aerobic microorganisms are responsible in swift deterioration of foods, they hardly thrive or are immobilized under this condition.
Food vacuum packaging machine helps to extend storage life of food products thereby making the product well suited for sale on the freezer or cold display storage units of several retail stores.

Biscuit Packaging Machine
Biscuit packaging machine is another type of food packaging equipment. It is usually fitted with electronic digital temperature controller to maintain high precision in achieving the desired temperature during food packing process.
It helps to bring the optimum freshness of the food. The most interesting aspect of this Stand Up Pouch Machine is that packaged products are closely monitored with its automatic feed counter that shows the quantity of items placed packed by the machine. This makes it easier for the food manufacturing companies to monitor daily factory output.

Bundling Food Packaging Equipment
Bundling Food packaging Equipment is quite common and is widely used by many food suppliers. It is capable of storing huge quantity of foods before they are banded or wrapped together as a single bundle.
It is also called as the Spout Pouch Packing Machine. It can also be used for packing small items such as stick candies or individually packed hot-dogs that need to be bundled together for economic purposes.

Bagging Machine
It is popular in several China food processing factories. Foods in this case are packed in bags, sacks and pouches. This bagging machine is common to pack cereals and powdered foods such as milk powder and sugar.

Closing Machines
These closing Irregular Doypack Machines are similarly common in many food factories. This equipment is used to tie metal wires to enclose the food bag or pouch.

Capping Machines
Capping machines are popular among food suppliers of food syrups and drinks. This equipment is not used solely to pack food items but it is usually used in conjunction with other food packaging equipment.
The major function of this equipment is to close bottled food items by placing air-tight caps. This is common in soda-manufacturing companies.

Accumulation machinery
Accumulation machinery is used along with the capping machine. This Premade Pouch Packing Machine allows proper alignment of bottles for systematic and organized filling of foods. It is used in soda companies and bottled-water companies.
There are various types of food packaging machines. It is important to tailor-fit the selection when yo buy one of these machineries according to the type of food that is being packaged to ensure optimum quality products with fully extended storage life.

When looking to price a Vertical Packing Machine, You may experience sticker shock. There are a few items you will need to consider when taking the price of these machines into consideration. Here are the items that will affect the cost of your chosen equipment.

• Functionality - A food packaging machine could cost you anywhere between $10,900 - $65,000. The functionality of each machine has a big effect on the cost of the equipment. The price of your machine is going to be based upon the equipment's capabilities, factoring in things like speed, the hourly volume of packages produced, and whether the Horizontal Flat Pouch Packing Machine is a manual or automatic model.
  
  
• Mechanical Components - Manual models will have less moving parts, internal computer-controlled motors and other more complicated components. As such, automatic models that can be programmed and run automatically via the control panel will cost more than the manual models available.
  
  
• Capabilities - Depending on the model you choose and the machine's capabilities, you will have to consider your cost of materials. Entry-level machines are going to package less volume and use less materials daily versus a high-end automatic Single Lane Stick Bag Packing Machine. While a high-end automatic model will cost a lot more upfront, running higher amounts of materials will help you cut costs as you will generally get discounts on materials orders for larger volumes of product purchased. In this respect, your total cost of ownership over time will be less for more expensive higher-end models.
  

Salut tt le monde

Je me rends compte que je ne me suis pas présentée sur le forum, je pensais l'avoir fait. Alors voila, je suis dans le marketing digital, plus spécialement les réseaux sociaux ainsi que le référencement naturel de site web. Je suis une vraie passionnée du SEo et cherche à rester au courant des écolutions dans le domaine. Puisqu'on peut faire sa pub ici, j'en profite pour vous dire que j'ai justement rédigé un article sur les facteurs de référencement de Google qui peut p-ê vous être utile. Bon, ce n'est pas vraiment de la pub, hein ! Autrement je suis aussi très concernée (et consternée) par les problèmes liés au développement durable. A l'écoute pour vous donner un conseil, si besoin ! :-)

Bonjour, pour la création d'un site web CV, à votre avis, vaut-il mieux en mettre plein la vue au niveau du design, quitte à ce que l'UX perde un peu de sa qualité ? Ou vaut-il mieux avoir un site très fonctionnel mais pas forcément très beau ? (Pour chercher un job dans le webmarketing, après)

Bonjour, je suis en train de développer un site web de présentation pour le mettre en avant lorsque je candidate à des postes. Je voulais savoir si vous aviez des idées/conseils à me donner pour le mettre en avant ? Comment faire de la pub pour un site CV en gros ? Est-ce très différent d'un site web classique ou d'un site e-commerce ?

Bonjour, je commence tout juste à travailler dans le digital après avoir passé une formation pour me reconvertir. Comme je suis encore débutante, j'ai pas mal de questions autour de la concrétisation de certaines théories de webmarketing, alors je viens à la pêche aux infos  Bonne journée à tous !

Bonsoir,
Ayant fait la connaissance d'un jeune auteur récemment (Laurent Balla), j'ai voulu réaliser une petite vidéo pour mettre en scène quelques passages de ses écrits.

La vidéo est ici :  <!-- @page { size: 21cm 29.7cm; margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } -->

https://youtu.be/EKB6oO_d2gk

Elle ne dure que quelques minutes, et c'est une vidéo "maison" c'est-à-dire filmée par un smartphone, et peut-être un peu balbutiante. Mais c'est peut-être la première d'une série que j'espère de qualité.

N'hésitez pas à me faire part de vos remarques. Tout ce qui peut aider à l'amélioration est toujours intéressant.
Merci à tous.

Bonjour tout le monde,

Je suis Quentin et je travaillais jusqu'à maintenant dans le tourisme en ligne. Vu la situation, j'ai décidé de lancer quelque chose sur une autre thématique qui ne dépend pas de la situation (quarantaine, frontières etc).
J'ai décidé de lancer un blog sur la musculation à la maison, avec des sacs de sable (pas cher contrairement au matériel de musculation habituel): https://quentin-pakiry.fr/

Si vous avez des suggestions, n'hésitez pas.

Merci d'avance et au plaisir de partager ici !

Quentin