What is a Skiving Machine?
A skiving machine is used in an industrial setting to cut or shave the edge of a moving strip of material into a desired shape or to create cross-sections of stock. Also called scarfing machines, skiving machines are commonly used in applications where uniform sizes and shapes are needed but are not obtainable using other manufacturing processes, such as cold rolling. Although skiving machines are most commonly used in the process of metalworking, they also see a significant amount of use in the edge shaping of leather and similar materials.
The process of using a skiving machine is called skiving or skivetek. Using a tungsten carbide blade, the skiving machine can cut metal and other materials with greater precision than many machine tools. Advances in the technology used in skiving machine parts has made these machine tools easier to use by introducing a floating blade system that moves both the blade and the material to achieve uniform sized cuts, rather than the older style machines that required careful adjustments of the stock to the blade to achieve the same effect.
Advances in the technology used in modern skiving processes have also made it possible to plane metal and other materials at slower speeds than were attainable in the past. Using vibration to simulate an increase in speed of the moving stock, the modern skiving machine is able to cut materials that would not have been possible in early machine tool shops. This ability to cut metal at a slower speed makes it possible to utilize the skiving machine in conjunction with low-speed welding on assembly lines.
Skiving machines are commonly used in the manufacture of automobile parts, including seat belt springs and hose clamps. These machines are also used to bevel the edges of metals used in the manufacture of pipes and tubing. This beveling allows the tubing product to be seam-welded in a way that avoids pinholes in the final product.
The electronic supply industry uses the skiving machine to create highly effective heat sinks. The skiving machine's cutting abilities are why these heat sinks can be made from a single piece of metal, thus allowing the heat sinks to transfer and dissipate heat more effectively. The process of skiving leaves the fins of the heat sink with a roughened texture that creates a greater surface area and further enhances heat dispersal.
Skived Heat Sinks
Skived copper heat sinks offer the maximum heat dissipation in applications that have high airflow and small space. The thermal conductivity of copper (~400 W/m-K) is the highest among all the commercial metals, and the skiving technology allows the heat sinks to have very thin fins, high aspect ratio and high fin density. Because the fins are an integral part of the base, skived copper heat sinks provide the best possible thermal conductivity between the fins and the base. When optimized to specific applications, skived copper heat sinks offer outstanding performance over any other thermal solutions within the small space. In some applications, the skiving technology is also the most cost-effective and reliable method of producing heat sinks that meet high thermal demands.Skived heat sinks are manufactured by peeling fins from a bar of solid copper or aluminum, using a sharp and accurately controlled blade tool. The tool shaves a small thickness of the material, lifts it up and bends it vertically to form the fin. The final heat sink can be machined using normal fabrication techniques, such as CNC machining. Skived heat sinks require minimal tooling cost, which makes it a cost effective solution. Skived heat sinks can also be customized with embedded heat pipes to further improve performance.
Features and Benefits

• Very thin fins and very high fin density
  
  
• Maximum heat dissipation under forced convection (with high airflow)
  
  
• No interface joint (or thermal resistance) between the fins and base
  
  
• Very high aspect ratio (up to 50)
  
  
• Minimal tooling cost
  
  
• Short lead time
  
  
• Can have embedded heat pipes to further boost performance
  
  
• Anti-oxidation surface treatment helps extend serving time
  

• Computers and electronic components
  
  
• Telecommunication equipment
  
  
• Industrial equipment and components
  
  
• Lighting lamps and household appliances industry
  
  
• Automotive components
  

• Material: Copper (C11000) or Aluminum (6063/1060)
  
  
• Maximum width: unlimited
  
  
• Maximum fin length: 500 mm (20″)
  
  
• Maximum fin height: 100 mm (4”)
  
  
• Recommended fin height: <50 mm (2”)
  
  
• Recommended thickness for aluminum fins: 0.2-1.2 mm (0.008-0.047”)
  
  
• Recommended thickness for copper fins: 0.1-0.6 mm (0.004-0.024”)
  
  
• Minimum fin spacing (gap): 0.1 mm (0.004”)
  
  
• Maximum fin spacing (gap): 8.0 mm (0.31”)
  

• Good thermal and electrical conductivity
  
  
• Density ~ 0.321 lb/in³
  
  
• Tensile strength of ~ 310 MPa
  
  
• Easy malleability
  
  
• Easy to recycle
  

What’s the difference between boxes and cartons?
Whether you’re shipping or storing something, we want to make sure you get your packaging right. The terminology between the two words often gets mixed up. And lord knows there’s just way too many special jargon out there in the printing world.
So to make things easier to understand for the rest of us, I will provide a simple rule of thumb below:
What’s the difference?
While both boxes and cartons are made out of paper materials, cartons are usually thinner of the two. You’ll see it used in cereal boxes, milk cartons, pharmaceuticals, and more.
A box, on the other hand, uses thicker paper stock that is mostly meant for shipping. As it’s built for durability, you will most likely notice multiple layers of paper that include an inside and an outer layer with a ruffled shaped paper sandwiched in between. Probably very easy to imagine since most of us have opened up a UPS or Amazon package at some point.
What’s the best for your business?
Depending on the industry, your packaging material may vary. What’s used in the food industry will differ from the footwear industry of course. So if you’re looking for packaging that is:

• Lightweight
  
  
• Affordable
  
  
• Safe
  
  
• Customizable
  
  
• Eco-friendly
  
  
• Durable
  
  
• Or Affordable
  

• Lightweight
  
  
• Strong
  
  
• Can be easily printed on
  
  
• Available in various sizes and styles
  
  
• Widely recyclable
  

• Lightweight
  
  
• Can be easily printed on
  
  
• Widely recyclable
  
  
• Available in various sizes and styles
  

• Strong
  
  
• Available in different sizes and styles
  
  
• Durable
  

• The materials used to construct each type of box
  
  
• The construction process required for assembly
  
  
• The sturdiness of the finished product for shipping and storage purposes
  

Water shoes are the unexpected hottest shoes of summer
Every year around this time, an "ugly" shoe trend seems to burst onto the scene and become the "it" look of the season. It happened with tourist sandals in 2019 and Birkenstocks in 2018, and now it's happening again with water shoes.
If your parents ever made you wear these waterproof shoes at the beach when you were a kid, the term probably conjures up images of mesh, flexible footwear in bright neon colors. But water shoes have gotten a major makeover in recent years and now they're vying for the hearts of fashionistas everywhere, according to a new column in the New York Times.
Traditionally, consumers have relied on water shoes to protect their feet from rocks, provide traction and drain water during all sorts of outdoor activities. But similarly to Crocs, they've usually been a purely functional piece of footwear. "Since they were mainly used for water activities like kayaking, hiking and swimming, water shoes have not been regarded for their style," Sara Skirboll, RetailMeNot shopping and trends expert, told TODAY Style.
But in recent years, the shoe style has transformed in look and feel; nowadays, anything from sock-like shoes to sneakers and sandals can double as water shoes.
The style has even caught the attention of some well-known — and luxurious — brands. Balenciaga models walked down a wet runway wearing a type of hybrid water sock/shoe in March.
Popular footwear brand Teva also recently partnered with Opening Ceremony for a mesh "Hurricane Sock" shoe.
So why are people suddenly embracing this typically "ugly" shoe style? It might have something to do with our overall shift in fashion preferences during the coronavirus pandemic.
"Water shoes may be increasing in popularity as more people are finding new ways to stay healthy, fit and venture out while gyms are closed, which makes hiking, swimming and climbing perfect activities," Skirboll said.
With so many of us finding new ways to explore our own states and putting off scheduled summer vacations, shoes that are fit for outdoor activities have exploded in popularity, and designers have stepped in to dress up the typically utilitarian shoes.
"The desire for comfort and utility is more apparent than ever, but that doesn’t mean those who are fashion-forward want to disown their sense of style. Therefore, we’re seeing luxury brands fill this gap in the market by creating products like water shoes that are functional but still carry the clout of a high-fashion brand," Stitch Fix style expert Layne Cross told TODAY.
Society's sudden penchant for water shoes might also have something to do with the fact that "ugly" shoes, like Crocs, have been creeping into the mainstream for quite some time.
When Do Babies Need Shoes?
Tiny, name brand running sneakers. Sparkly dress-up flats. Wee jelly sandals and loafers…baby shoes are really, really cute. It’s almost impossible not to buy them all up! But just because they’re super-adorable, doesn’t necessarily mean your tot needs them. Worse, putting the wrong shoes on a budding walker may hinder their newfound skills. Here, we break down what your baby’s growing feet really need.
The short answer is no. Your baby does not need shoes until they start walking, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics. The only thing younger babies need on their feet are socks to keep them warm.
Think about it like this: The purpose of shoes (other than to look cute, of course), is to protect the feet. But if your precious nugget is dangling from a baby carrier, relaxing in the stroller, or scooting on their hands and knees, there’s nothing to protect their feet from. If warmth is what you crave for your baby’s tootsies, cozy socks, footed snowsuits, and stroller sacks do the trick.
Beyond not needing shoes, putting shoes on babies who are just learning to balance on their growing feet can be a downright hindrance. Shoes with inflexible soles can prevent a baby from learning how to flex and move their feet to walk. That's why pediatricians recommend that babies learn to walk barefoot in a safe space, like on their living room floor. This’ll help strengthen the muscles and tendons in your baby’s feet.
There is no particular age at which your baby will need shoes, but a good rule of thumb is to wait until they’ve learned to walk and show signs of wanting to be up and about. The general milestone guideline for when a baby begins to walk is:

• Between 6 and 13 months: crawling
  
  
• Between 9 and 12 months: pulling themselves up
  
  
• Between 8 and 18 months: walking
  

• Support. To do the job, shoes should have to provide structure and support. If you can bend your slipper in half, you're not getting the arch support you need. "If you have heel pain, you might even consider wearing an athletic shoe as your house slipper," Dr. Brouyette says. "Just make sure you earmark that particular shoe for indoor use only."
  
  
• Breathability. Bacteria and fungus grow and thrive in moist environments, so if your feet tend to sweat, you may want to choose a more breathable style.
  
  
• A firm sole. In addition to arch support and breathable fabrics, slippers should have a firm sole. The sole not only provides additional support for your feet, it also helps absorb shock and provides traction to prevent slipping.
  

• Keep them indoors. Don't wear slippers outdoors, even if you're using a traditional athletic shoe as a slipper. Wearing slippers outside increases the risk that you'll pick up things that could make you sick. Plus, switching from slippers to shoes offers your slippers sufficient time to air out.
  
  
• Monitor the smell. Skin cells on your feet constantly shed just like they do on the rest of your body. Over time, those dead skin cells can accumulate inside your shoe. Fungus causes an unpleasant and persistent odor. If you get a whiff of that, it may be time for a new pair.
  
  
• Change them out. Make sure you swap out slippers at regular intervals, particularly if you wear them without socks. If your slippers become worn, smelly or develop holes in the sole, it's time for a new pair.
  

Grid Cloth
Looking at the light source itself through the diffusion we can clearly see how a combination of direct light and diffuse light creates a harder source (as in the Spun and Opal options). As the definition of the original light source becomes increasingly obfuscated by the diffusion material, the overall size of the source increases and the quality of light is softened substantially.
The Tough Spun has very interesting properties. As it is a fine pattern of thin threads, there are clear spots along the material where direct light can shine through. This means that it produces a combination of both hard and diffuse light. You can see this illustrated in the images of the geometric shapes from our test, as both the umbra and penumbra of the shadows are well-defined.
“Tough Spun doesn’t really change the shadow transfer value [from that of a hard-light source],” notes Williams. “The shadows are still sharp, with just a reduction in contrast. All three of the Tough Spun strengths have this same behavior. This effect is clearest in the heaviest of the three, Full Tough Spun, where the penumbra has a clean, hard line, and the umbra of the shadow, although diminished, is still clearly defined. The Light Opal, on the other hand — as minimal an effect as it might have — starts to produce a breakdown in the definition of the penumbra, denoting more softness to the light.
“It was very interesting to me that the Tough Spun lent a texture to the light, a lot like a cookie or a celo cookie,” Williams continues. “It’s subtle, but it does project a pattern onto the subject.” As with any projected pattern, the farther away the pattern-producing material is from the light source, the better-defined the pattern will be on the subject.
The amount of diffusion increases with 1⁄4 216, which, we can see, produces very similar effects in terms of shadow quality to 1⁄2 216 and 1⁄4 Grid Cloth. Full Grid Cloth and 216 also produce very similar effects to one another, although Full Grid Cloth offers more diffusion of the light, as can be seen in the more diffuse penumbra; the definition of the shape is almost completely gone.
To further understand how diffusion works, we need to take a look at the material itself and see our light source behind it. The quality of light is created by the size of the light source relative to the subject, but if our diffusion material isn’t wholly opaque and we can still see some of the original source behind that material, then the actual fixture — in addition to the “new” light source created by the diffusion — has an effect on the overall quality of light. This is how lighter diffusions, even at the same size and placed at the same distance to the subject, create light that is less soft than what results from heavier diffusions — because they effectively combine the scattered light of the new apparent light source with the direct light of the original source, which is farther away and smaller.
Its very important to know how to choose fiberglass cloth
Polyester glass fiber cloth is a new kind of glass fiber composite anti crack material, which is composed of 60% glass fiber and 40% polyester fiber. This unique combination provides the strength of glass fiber and the flexibility of polyester fiber, but has no disadvantages of raw materials. Then, I will introduce the characteristics of fiberglass cloth for you to choose and identify.
Polyester fiberglass cloth is a kind of geotextile woven from high temperature resistant polyester filament or staple fiber, which is compounded with fiberglass grid or warp knitted grid.
Glass fiber cloth will have a lot of small broken fibers, which will swell up when pricked on the body. The proportion of glass fiber is generally 2.6, which should be heavier. In other words, the handle of glass fiber cloth will be harder, especially the glass fiber of tank kiln. It can be seen that both ends of the broken end roll of alkali free glass cloth are light blue-green. The heat conduction speed of glass fiber should be faster than that of chemical fiber Fiber cloth is not as dense as ordinary fiber, and looks loose.
Glass fiber grid has no water-proof function, its grid can form the inlay and extrusion effect with asphalt mixture, but it is difficult to fix in use, easy to expand and not fit, and even affects the normal paving and reinforcement effect of asphalt mixture; geotextile can prevent underwater seepage, but when the paving temperature of hot asphalt mixture exceeds 160 ℃, the strength and creep resistance of geotextile are poor, so it can not play the role of reinforcement Anti cracking effect of reinforcement.
Polyester fiberglass cloth overcomes the shortcomings of the two, and can be recycled after crushing. When milling, it will be crushed into very small fibers to improve the performance of rap.
In the process of urban road construction, it is necessary to deal with the joint of new and old roads, the transverse crack of semi-rigid water stable base, the white to black cement concrete pavement, to prevent the reflection crack of cement concrete pavement, all of which need to use polyester glass fiber cloth to ensure the project quality.
Polyester fiberglass cloth combines the characteristics of both, customer service on the shortcomings of the positive development and design, this product can meet the strict requirements of the project.
High-Performance Fiber Technology
High-performance fibers are those that are engineered for specific uses that require exceptional strength, stiffness, heat resistance, or chemical resistance. There exist a wide variety of fibers with widely ranging properties.
Carbon fiber is one of the most important high-performance fibers for military and aerospace applications. Carbon fiber is engineered for strength and stiffness, but variations differ in electrical conductivity, thermal, and chemical properties. The primary factors governing the physical properties are the degree of carbonization (or the carbon content, usually greater than 92 percent by weight), the orientation of the layered carbon planes, and the degree of crystallization.
Commercial carbon fibers are made by extrusion of some organic precursor material into filaments, followed by a carbonization process to convert the filaments into carbon. Different precursors and carbonization processes are used depending on the desired product properties. Precursor fibers can be specially purified rayon, pitch, or acrylics. The precursor fiber may also be converted into fabric form, which is then carbonized to produce the end product.
High-performance organic fibers have also become very important in recent years. Aramids are among the best known of the high-performance, synthetic, organic fibers. Closely related to the nylons, aramids are polyamides derived from aromatic acids and amines. Because of the stability of the aromatic rings and the added strength of the amide linkages, aramids exhibit higher tensile strength and thermal resistance than the aliphatic polyamides (nylons). The para-aramids (p-aramids, based on terephthalic acid and p-phenylenediamine, or p-aminobenzoic acid, exhibit higher strength and thermal resistance than those with linkages in the meta positions of the benzene ring. The greater degree of conjugation and more linear geometry of the para linkages, combined with the greater chain orientation derived from this linearity, are primarily responsible for the increased strength. The high impact resistance of the para-aramids makes them popular for “bullet-proof” body armor. For many less demanding applications, aramids may be blended with other fibers.
Lightweight mesh
Lightweight meshes (LWM) have shown benefits compared to heavyweight meshes (HWM) in terms of less postoperative pain and stiffness in open inguinal hernia repair. It appears to have similar advantages also in TEP, but concerns exist if it may be associated with higher recurrence rates. The aim of the study was to compare reoperation rate for recurrence of LWM to HWM in laparoscopic totally extra-peritoneal (TEP) repair.
Methods
All groin hernias operated on with TEP between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2013 at surgical units participating in The Swedish Hernia Register were eligible. Data included clinically important hernia variables. Primary endpoint was reoperation for recurrence. Median follow-up time was 6.1 years (0–11.5) with minimum 2.5 years postoperatively.
Results
In total, 13,839 repairs were included for statistical analysis and 491 were re-operated for recurrence. Multivariate analysis demonstrated significantly increased risk of reoperation for recurrence in LWM 4.0% (HR 1.56, P < 0.001) compared to HWM 3.2%. This was most evident in direct hernias (HR 1.75, P < 0.001) and in hernia repairs with a defect > 3 cm (HR 1.54, P < 0.021). The risk of recurrence with use of LWM in indirect hernias and in hernia repairs with a defect < 1.5 cm was more comparable to HWM.
Conclusions
Lightweight meshes were associated with an increased risk of reoperation for recurrence compared to HWM. While direct hernias and larger hernia defects may benefit from HWM to avoid increased recurrence rates, LWM is recommended to be used in indirect and smaller hernia defects in TEP repair.
How to Work with Fiberglass Tape
Fiberglass mesh tape is easier to use than paper tape. Paper tape needs to be pressed into a layer of compound and the excess compound removed. The trick is that you must remove surplus compound without wrinkling the tape or removing so much that the tape buckles because you've created dry spots. Faced with all of those paper tape challenges, you'll probably agree that fiberglass tape is worth its extra cost.
When you buy fiberglass tape, ensure that the package indicates it's self-adhesive. While the nonadhesive version is scarce, getting a roll could be an unpleasant surprise.
Be sure you keep a sharp utility knife blade available to cut fiberglass tape. A dull blade will merely skip over the fabric or snag the threads. If you're tackling a big project, consider getting a tape dispenser. It's a speedy helper for both flat seams and inside corners.

What steps should I take while checking my blood pressure at home?
Before taking your blood pressure

• Find a quiet place.
  
  
• Check to be sure you have the correct size cuff. If you are not sure, or if you have questions, talk to your healthcare provider. (Avoid wrist and finger monitors to ensure an accurate blood pressure reading.)
  
  
• Roll up the sleeve on your left arm or remove any tight-sleeved clothing, if needed. (It's best to take your blood pressure from your left arm if you are right-handed. However, you can use the other arm if you have been told to do so by your healthcare provider.)
  
  
• Rest in a chair next to a table for 5 to 10 minutes. (Your left arm should rest comfortably at heart level.)
  
  
• Sit up straight with your back against the chair, legs uncrossed and on the ground.
  
  
• Rest your forearm on the table with the palm of your hand facing up.
  
  
• You should not talk, read the newspaper, or watch television during this process.
  

• Follow your health care provider’s recommendations about when and how often to check your oxygen levels.
  
  
• Be aware that multiple factors can affect the accuracy of a pulse oximeter reading, such as poor circulation, skin pigmentation, skin thickness, skin temperature, current tobacco use, and use of fingernail polish. To get the best reading from a pulse oximeter:
  
  • Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use.
    
  • When placing the oximeter on your finger, make sure your hand is warm, relaxed, and held below the level of the heart. Remove any fingernail polish on that finger.
    
  • Sit still and do not move the part of your body where the pulse oximeter is located.
    
  • Wait a few seconds until the reading stops changing and displays one steady number.
    
• Write down your oxygen levels with the date and time of the reading so you can easily track changes and report these to your health care provider.
  

• When taking pulse oximeter measurements, pay attention to whether the oxygen level is lower than earlier measurements, or is decreasing over time. Changes or trends in measurements may be more meaningful than one single measurement. Over the counter products that you can buy at the store or online are not intended for medical purposes.
  
• Do not rely only on a pulse oximeter to assess your health condition or oxygen level.
  
• If monitoring oxygen levels at home, pay attention to other signs or symptoms of low oxygen levels, such as:
  
  • Bluish coloring in the face, lips, or nails;
    
  • Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, or a cough that gets worse;
    
  • Restlessness and discomfort;
    
  • Chest pain or tightness; and
    
  • Fast or racing pulse rate.
    
  • Be aware that some patients with low oxygen levels may not show any or all of these symptoms. Only a health care provider can diagnose a medical condition such as hypoxia (low oxygen levels).
    

• If you are concerned about the pulse oximeter reading, or if your symptoms are serious or getting worse, contact a health care provider.
  
• If you think you may have COVID-19, contact your health care provider or local health department about getting a diagnostic test for COVID-19. Pulse oximeters cannot be used to diagnose or rule out COVID-19.
  

• a base that holds an air compressor
  
• a small container for liquid medication
  
• a tube that connects the air compressor to the medication container
  

• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  
• asthma
  
• bronchiectasis
  
• cystic fibrosis
  
• pulmonary fibrosis
  

• Insurance coverage. Check with your insurance provider for coverage details. Some insurance providers limit coverage to specific models or limit the total number of test strips allowed.
  
• Cost. Meters vary in price. Be sure to factor in the cost of the test strips, as these will represent the majority of the cost in the long term.
  
• Ease of use. Some meters are easier to use than others. Are both the meter and test strips comfortable and easy to hold? Can you easily see the numbers on the screen? How easy is it to get blood onto the strips? How much blood is required?
  
• Special features. Ask about the features to see what meets your specific needs. Special features may include large, easy-to-handle buttons and test strips, illuminated screens, and audio, which may be useful for people with impaired vision.
  
• Information storage and retrieval. Consider how the meter stores and retrieves information. Some can track time and date of a test, the result, and trends over time. Some meters offer the ability to share your readings in real time with your healthcare provider with a smartphone app. Or some may offer the option to download your blood glucose readings to a computer, then email the test results to your doctor.
  
• Support. Most meter manufacturers include a toll-free number that you can call for help. Look for a meter that includes clear instructions that demonstrate the correct way to use the meter. Some manufacturers offer users manuals on their websites.
  

Things to Consider in Selecting Wire Rope Slings
This blog post is part of a new feature on AWRF where our members provide valuable insight into the industry.
Mishandling of workplace materials is the single largest cause of accidents in the workplace. Fortunately, most of these accidents are avoidable. With wire rope slings playing an important role with cranes, derricks, and hoists, it’s important to understand how to make a proper selection.
A wire rope sling is made of wire rope. It is composed of single wires that have been twisted into strands. These strands are then twisted to form a wire rope.
Here are 4 important characteristics to keep in mind when selecting a wire rope sling
1. Strength
The strength of a wire rope sling is a function of size, grade, and construction. It needs to accommodate the applied maximum load. The more a sling is used, both the design and the sling’s strength are reduced. A sling loaded beyond it strength will fail. For older slings it’s important to inspect often.
2. Fatigue
Wire rope slings must be able to take repeated bending without wires failing due to fatigue, sometimes called bending without failure. The best way to preventing fatigue failure is to use blocking or padding to increase the radius of bend.
3. Abrasive Wear
The ability of wire rope to withstand abrasion. It’s determined by size, number of wires, and construction of the rope. Remember that smaller wires bend easier and offer greater flexibility, which also means they are more susceptible to abrasion.
4. Abuse
The misuse of a wire rope will cause the sling to be unsafe well before any other reason. Kinking or bird caging will reduce the strength of a wire rope. Bird caging is forcibly untwisting the wire rope strands and they become spread outward. Be sure to keep up proper use per the manufacturer specifications.
These are just four factors to consider when determining the best wire rope slings for your application. Keep in mind that weight, size, flexibility, and shape of the loads being handled will also affect the life of a wire rope sling.
Common Wire Rope Fittings You Need To Know
Wire Rope Fittings
Wire rope can be prone to fray easily at the ends making it difficult to connect to equipment. Wire rope fittings or wire rope terminations are used to secure the ends of wire rope and prevent fraying. There are many different types, sizes and finishes of wire rope fittings which are suitable for most types of rope. Some of the more common types of wire rope fittings are detailed below.
Wire Rope Thimbles
A wire rope thimble is used in wire rope assemblies to prevent the wire rope eye from being crushed and reducing wear on the rope itself. When a wire rope assembly is fitted with an eye at the end, a thimble is inserted to form the eye of the loop before the rope is secured in the ferrule or wire rope grip.
Wire Rope Grips
A wire rope grip is used to clamp the loose end of a wire rope after it has been looped back to form an eye. Wire rope assemblies generally require a minimum of three wire rope grips, depending on the wire and application to properly secure the ends.
Wire Rope Ferrules
Wire rope ferrules are used to terminate wire rope ends. Oval shaped sleeves are crushed around the wire rope to form eyes or to create a stopper on the end of a wire rope assembly. This can be done either by hand tools or via a hydraulic press. Hand pressing ferrules is only recommended on smaller diameters of wire ropes.
Turnbuckles/Rigging screws
These are wire rope fittings that are attached to wire rope assemblies and can be used to adjust the tension of wire rope. Turnbuckles typically consist of two eye bolts, one at each end of a metal frame. The tension of the wire rope can then be adjusted by rotating the frame.
Wire Rope Sockets
A wire rope socket is permanently attached using a hydraulic press to fit it to the end of the wire rope. These can be used instead of thimbles, wire rope grips or ferrules. Please don’t try this one at home, it takes specialised tools and knowledge to fit these to wire ropes.
Steel Wire Rope
Steel wire rope is several strands of metal wire twisted into a helix forming a composite “rope”, in a pattern known as “laid rope”. Larger diameter wire rope consists of multiple strands of such laid rope in a pattern known as “cable laid”.
In stricter senses the term “steel wire rope” refers to diameter larger than 3/8 inch (9.52 mm), with smaller gauges designated cable or cords. Initially wrought iron wires were used, but today steel is the main material used for wire ropes.
Wire Rope Inspections EN
Historically, steel wire rope evolved from wrought iron chains, which had a record of mechanical failure. While flaws in chain links or solid steel bars can lead to catastrophic failure, flaws in the wires making up a steel cable are less critical as the other wires easily take up the load. While friction between the individual wires and strands causes wear over the life of the rope, it also helps to compensate for minor failures in the short run.
Steel wire ropes were developed starting with mining hoist applications in the 1830s. Wire ropes are used dynamically for lifting and hoisting in cranes and elevators, and for transmission of mechanical power. Wire rope is also used to transmit force in mechanisms, such as a Bowden cable or the control surfaces of an airplane connected to levers and pedals in the cockpit. Only aircraft cables have WSC (wire strand core). Also, aircraft cables are available in smaller diameters than steel wire rope. For example, aircraft cables are available in 3/64 in. diameter while most wire ropes begin at a 1/4 in. diameter. Static wire ropes are used to support structures such as suspension bridges or as guy wires to support towers. An aerial tramway relies on wire rope to support and move cargo overhead.
Why Choose Dyneema Rope Vs Steel Wire Rope For Heavy-Duty Rigging?
Manufacturing companies choose to use Dyneema rope over steel wire rope for heavy lifting applications such as heavy lift slings, crane rope, and other rigging operations because Dyneema rope:

• Is 15x stronger than steel wire rope
  
  
• Has a recoil force that is considerably less than steel wire rope
  
  
• Has an abrasion lifetime that is 4x longer than steel wire rope
  
  
• Is 7x lighter than steel wire rope at the same strength
  

• shielding goods,
  
  
• running quietly over a pulleyor
  
  
• where protection from injury is required for animals or humans
  

• Transport industry uses coated wire rope in slings and strops for unloading cargo.
  
  
• Health clubs and gyms use coated wires on the adjustable pulleys of gym equipment.
  
  
• Theatre productions utilize coated wires for pulling up or lowering down props, and for rigging theatre lighting.The event hire industry use coated wire for rigging marquees and stages
  
  
• In construction sites and similar height safety and restraint applications, coated wire is used for lanyards restraint cables
  

Why You Should Go for an Air Cooler Over an Air Conditioner?
In the ongoing debate of air conditioners vs air coolers, we list down few important pointers that will offer a clear idea of why you should opt for an air cooler.
But first things first, should you buy an air cooler?
A cooler can be used by everyone, especially people living around hot and dry weather. One can choose from a dessert cooler, a window cooler or even a personal cooler, depending on the requirements.
Read on to know more about why to choose an air cooler over an air conditioner.
Have you ever wondered about how an AC or an air cooler functions and how does it affect the quality of air in your home?
An air conditioner circulates the internal air of the room over and over again, whereas an air cooler pulls fresh air from outside and then cools it down. Also, air cooler doesn’t make the air overly dry like an air conditioner. Because of the way it operates, an air cooler offers better quality of air for your room. So much so, that the air circulated from an air cooler is preferable for people with asthma or dust allergy.
When it comes to value for money, an air cooler definitely scores high over an AC. Even though both end up cooling the room, an AC can cost anything ranging from ₹30,000 to ₹60,000, whereas a cooler will be available from ₹5000 to ₹15,000. Also, apart from the initial cost of purchasing, even the operating cost of an air cooler is less than an AC. You can approximately expect 80% less electricity bill from a cooler as compared to an AC, making it economical in the long run.
Going green is something that concerns all of us, and air coolers trumps the card here as well. Air conditioners use CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon) and HFC (hydro-chlorofluorocarbons) as their refrigerant, which is quite harmful to the environment. On the other hand, air coolers are eco-friendlier, since they use water as the refrigerant.
Air cooler requires no installation, which is a cumbersome task in the case of an air conditioner. Whether you have a window AC or a split AC, they require additional arrangements for installation. An air cooler, on the other hand, can be simply moved into your home as an appliance. Many of the air coolers also come with castors, making it more convenient to move them around from one room to another. As you can see that air coolers definitely have their own place in the world. Especially, since they come with such a host of features like silent operation, remote control, multiple speed settings and more. Moreover, nowadays coolers are digitally enhanced and aesthetically pleasing to fit right in.
How Does an Electric Cool Box Work?
If you’re on the search for a camping fridge, you might want to consider a cool box. There are several options to choose from. But no matter your requirements, they keep the air in the interior cool to ensure that your drink and snacks stay refreshingly cold.
If you’re wondering how an electric cool box works, then learning about the technology behind them may make your decision easier. We have created this handy guide to answer some of your questions.
There are several reasons to purchase coolboxes, such as providing additional space for campers to store food on travels. But the main objective is to keep food and drink cold while they’re not stored in a fridge. Even without the need for ice, these electrical coolboxes will keep your food cold for the entire getaway. Whether you’re a first-time camper or wanting these products as a second fridge at home, a coolbox is a handy gadget to have.
So, how does an electric cool box work? Electric coolboxes use a Peltier effect as a cooling method. It is placed on the coolbox’s lid so that it’s out of the way of food and drink. Along with a fan system, it transfers heat from the inside of the box to the outside to keep beverages cooler for longer.
In addition, coolboxes get their power from a 12V port in your car or mains at home or a campsite. If you leave the battery on in your car without starting the engine, this power could drain your vehicle’s battery. However, it’s a great option for keeping food and drink cool while you’re travelling.
Not all portable fridges offer the same experience because they use different technologies. A thermoelectric cool box is lightweight, uses 12/24V for power, maintains an ambient temperature, and utilises a cooling power that prevents mould build-up.
Alternatively, the technology used in compressor fridges is powerful and can even keep snacks frozen. Plus, it operates at low power and performs well in various environments. Many cool boxes using this technology are also suitable for solar operation and feature integrated battery protection.
Finally, gas-powered cooling technology allows you to keep snacks cool while you’re travelling off the grid. They boast a silent operation, making them one of the best products for quieter areas or where people are sleeping. They’re also available in a 3-way power option – 12V and 230V, and a gas operation.
Making a Simple Cooler
Line the outside of a lidded cardboard or plastic box with foil. Glue the aluminum foil to the outside of the box and lid. Go with a box that’s large enough to hold the items you’d like to keep cold. A shoe box or small plastic tote, for instance, would work well if you just need to store your lunch.
Attach the foil to the box so the shiny side faces out. The more light the foil reflects, the less heat the box will absorb.
Smooth the foil after you apply it, so that it wouldn't be wrinkling too much.
If you’re using a cardboard box, glue foil onto the inside, too. Use a single sheet of foil large enough to cover the entire interior. Carefully mold the foil into the corners, and try not to tear it. Lining the inside with foil can help keep the cardboard from getting soggy.
Glue bubble packaging, thick fabric, or packing peanuts inside the box. Glue your insulating material to the lid’s underside and to the bottom and sides of the box’s interior. Recycled packaging materials, thick nylon, or cotton are all good choices.
Avoid covering the lip of the lid with insulating material, and make sure it can still fit over the box.
Buyer’s Guide to Coolers
Coolers provide an easy way to keep food, beverages, bait or your day’s catch fresh during transport on land or water. Your choice of a cooler (or coolers) should depend on the size of your crew, the duration of the outing or cruise and of course, your budget.
Coolers vary in size, type of construction, durability, impact resistance, ice keeping ability and in other respects, including handles, hinges, latches and in some cases, wheels for portability. There are three basic types of coolers: soft-sided, hard-shell and electric coolers, which do not require ice.
Soft-sided Coolers
Soft-sided coolers are good for keeping food and beverages for one or perhaps two days. Designs vary: some consist of a hard inner liner with an insulated fabric shell, sort of a hard/soft cooler; many are flexible inside and out, which enables them to be compressed for compact storage; most offer features that hard-shell coolers don’t, such as padded carry straps and exterior pockets for car keys, cell phones or a GPS.
They fit nicely into the crowded environment of small boats, with soft exteriors that enable them to squeeze into odd nooks and crannies along with other gear aboard. Soft-sided cooler capacity varies, from small models that only hold a couple six packs up to much larger sizes.
Looking for a hardshell cooler with ultimate durability that can take a pounding on a heaving deck? Then consider a roto-molded cooler. These coolers can take almost any amount of abuse. The impact resistance of these coolers is excellent and the hardware is outstanding. All boast strong, rubber T-latches and robust, self-stopping lid hinges. Most include recessed grab points, non-skid feet and handles that store out of the way. Ultimate durability costs, but if you want one of the most “bullet proof” coolers that money can buy, one of these might be for you.
What Size Cooler Do I Need?
The size you select should depend upon the intended use, the number in your party and how long you will need to keep items cool. A small soft-sided or hard shell cooler is fine for a day trip but longer outings need something bigger. How big? Cooler capacity is generally stated in quarts or capacity in 12-ounce cans. One quart equals about 0.75 cans, so a 24-quart cooler will hold about three six packs or 18 cans.
Another way to gauge capacity is to divide the capacity in quarts by 30, so a 60-quart cooler equals two cubic feet. When selecting a cooler, remember that about 30-50 percent of its capacity will be taken up with ice. For three people on a day trip, a 40-quart cooler is generally fine. For the same group on a weekend camping trip, a 50- to 60-quart cooler is good. Try not to buy a cooler that is too large, as tightly packed coolers keep food colder and longer. Purchasing a jumbo sized cooler and filling the excess space with ice might seem OK, except for the expense and extra weight you will have to carry.
Conversely, an excess of air or open space inside an overly large cooler makes the ice melt faster. An exception to this conservative approach is offshore fishing coolers. How big are the fish you plan to catch? We can’t answer that, but we can say that most anglers would be loath to cut their trophy sized catch in half in order to bring it home! Examples of coolers commonly used for offshore fishing excursions include coolers by Igloo, Engel and YETI in the 150-250 quart class.

Pros and Cons of Using Landscape Fabric
Whether you call it landscaping fabric, weed block or weed barrier fabric, ask any landscaper or gardener how they feel about its use and they’ll probably have a strong opinion.
Landscape fabric is often promoted as the solution to the bane of every gardener’s existence – weeds. Not only does it supposedly block unwanted weed growth, but best of all, you don’t have to worry about weeding for what seems like years.
Unfortunately, and like with many advertised products, this isn’t exactly true.
Landscaping fabric definitely has its pros and cons when it comes to its use.
Pros of Landscape Fabric
Some of the benefits of using landscaping fabric include:

• Keeps inorganic mulches like rocks from sinking into the soil.
  
  
• Prevents weed seeds covered by fabric from sprouting.
  
  
• Reduces the need for herbicidal weed control.
  
  
• Works well on slopes where erosion is a problem.
  
  
• Helps the soil retain moisture.
  

• Over time, decomposing particles of mulch and soil clog the perforations in the cloth, which keep adequate amounts of water and air from reaching the plant roots leading to the plant’s decline.
  
  
• Earthworms, which aerate the soil, don’t develop, leading to compacted and unhealthy soil.
  
  
• The fabric acts as a barrier to organic materials biodegrading in the soil, which lead to an unhealthier soil structure.
  
  
• Weeds can still grow in the mulch used to cover the fabric.
  
  
• Landscape fabric is time-consuming to install, especially around existing plantings.
  

• Where there is a need to control sediment by intercepting sheet flow
  
  
• Where a site is low gradient, or is confined with a small contributing catchment, such as short batter fills and around watercourses
  
  
• To delineate the limit of disturbance on an earthworks site, such as riparian areas or bush reserves
  
  
• Where installation of an earth or topsoil bund would destroy sensitive areas, such as bush and wetlands.
  
  
• To provide a barrier that can collect and hold debris and soil, preventing the material from entering critical areas, watercourses or streets.
  

• Silt fence and super silt fence
  
  
• Supply and install to GD05 standard
  
  
• 100 plus metres achieved per day
  
  
• Fast response fast turn around
  
  
• Machine or manual option available
  

• Heat control and sealability
  
  
• Hydrophilic and hydrophobic capacity
  
  
• Can be excellent covering material with graduated-to-need air permeability
  
  
• Moisture absorption, in the amount/percentage needed
  
  
• Good light transmittance (especially useful for greenhouses and other ways)
  
  
• 2% to 3% UV protection capability
  
  
• Suppression of weed growth without the use of dangerous chemicals
  
  
• Photo synthesis enhancement or reduction, as needed
  
  
• Helping to keep heat lower to the ground; helping to increase or decrease ground temperature, as needed
  
  
• Helping to avoid damage to fruit and root by managing air permeability properly
  
  
• Biodegradable materials
  
  
• Helping to enhance the effects of fertilizers; preventing loss thereof
  
  
• Helping to reduce disease possibilities, such as by not allowing too much water to accumulate
  
  
• Helping to manage pest problems and, thus, reducing crop losses
  
  
• Helping to keep the soil moist and loose
  
  
• Helping to reduce need for irrigation (probably one of the biggest costs for agriculture)
  

How to: Put on Snow Chains and Drive Safely
If you travel to the mountains or snowy areas regularly, sooner or later you’re going to have to use tire chains. Start by getting the right set for your vehicle at your local Les Schwab.
Quick-fit chains are not your grandpa’s tire chains. They are MUCH simpler to put on and take off. Here are a video, step-by-step instructions, and driving safety tips for installing quick-fit tire chains on your vehicle.
When you need chains, driving conditions are nasty. Snow is coming down, passing traffic is spraying slush, dirty water is dripping off your wheel wells, the road is slick, and it may be dark. Don’t make this the first time you put on your chains.

1. Practice installing your new chains once BEFORE you travel. Take advantage of a dry garage or driveway to make sure your winter tire chains are the right size and you’re comfortable putting them on. If needed, the professionals at Les Schwab Tire Centers can help.
   
   
2. Put together a simple winter road trip safety kit with warm gloves, waterproof layers, and other items to make your winter driving more safe and comfortable. In the winter, always carry this emergency kit and tire chains in your vehicle.
   

1. Be Safe. If you’re on the road, pull off as far as possible onto a safe shoulder. Flip on your hazard lights. Put on your waterproof layers, hat, headlamp, and gloves from your winter road trip kit.
   
   
2. Identify the Correct Tires. If your vehicle is front-wheel drive, the chains go on the front. If it’s rear-wheel drive, chains go on the back. If it’s all-wheel drive, please check your owner’s manual. If you’re not sure, you can ask the experts at Les Schwab for help.
   
   
3. Pull Out Chains & Instructions. With your vehicle parked, open the bag and pull out your instructions and your first chain. Each bag comes with two chains. The plastic instruction mat that comes with your chains can be used as a barrier between you and the snow to keep you dry. Untangle Your Chains. Holding them from the plastic-covered cable, make sure everything is straight and the chains are not looped over one another. Hold up your chains so the yellow end is in your left hand and the blue end is in your right.
   

What Is The Difference Between Mechanical Seal And Oil Seal?
The mechanical seal is used in a pump, mixer and other mechanical engineering scenarios to contain the fluid within a vessel where a shaft rotates through a stationary (or rotating) housing.
Why is mechanical seal important in this situation? It is because the rotating shaft has to move in a wet environment, but there should not be the leakage of pressurized fluid. Hence, the role of a seal is quite critical.
Does it mean the seal stops the leakage completely? Well, on the practical grounds yes because there is no ‘visible leakage’.
There is a little leakage as the fluid vapors get released into the atmosphere from the faces of the seal, though. Since the quantity is hardly quantifiable, the seals are considered leak proof.

• The seals do not damage pump sleeve or shaft.
  
  
• Due to inboard springs that get adjusted as the seal faces wear, it is not required to do daily maintenance.
  
  
• Mechanical seals cause less power consumption than gland packing because of the lightly loaded faces.
  
  
• In mechanical seals, the lubricant doesn’t get washed out. Therefore, bearing contamination gets avoided in normal operational conditions.
  
  
• Plant equipment remains corrosion free.
  
  
• Relatively less maintenance and cleaning are required. It makes mechanical seals cost-effective.
  
  
• Oil seals prevent accumulation of dirt in the machine.
  

• Oil seals prevent seeping of potentially hazardous contaminants like dirt or fluid in the running machine
  
  
• These seals safeguard mixing of two things like oil and water
  
  
• In the high-intensity work environment, oil seals play a vital role
  
  
• Oil seals are long-lasting and sturdy
  
  
• Oil seals can work relentlessly if the preventive and corrective maintenance is in place
  
  
• Low wear and tear
  

1. Wave Spring Mechanical Seals: Principally used for liquids of high viscosity, wave spring mechanical seals are popular for pharmaceutical, dairy, brewery and food processing applications. They are often fitted to the shaft with grub screws and in the case of high viscosity media would also have stationaries with anti-rotation pins. Some designs are specially constructed to work in shallow, confined seal housings.
   
   
2. Water Pump Seals: Because water is such a poor lubricant of seal faces, it is critical that water pump seals use excellent materials for applications such as shower pumps, irrigation, heating systems, swimming pools and spas.
   
   
3. Bellows Mechanical Seals: Compact, versatile, extremely reliable seals suitable for a wide range of applications. Available with either O Ring Mounted or Boot mounted Stationaries in DIN and Non-Din sizes. Recommended for media containing solids and are widely used in Pumps, mixers, compressors etc.
   
   
4. Diaphragm Seals: Featuring parallel springs, diaphragm seals are used in very diverse applications including agitators, compressors, mixers, pumps and other rotary shaft equipment. . The diaphragm in the rotary head rotary seals on the shaft so they are not affected by rotational direction.
   
   
5. Balanced Diaphragm Seals: Similar to Diaphragm seals but are also hydraulically balanced to reduce heat and friction at the seal interface, an innovative patented design protects against seal failure in applications where thin metal drive components are prone to cut into the retainer.
   
   
6. Conical Mechanical Seals: This is an extremely versatile and popular mechanical seal. Available in a wide range of materials to suit a variety of environments, they are robust and durable. However these seals are rotation dependent and come with either left hand or right hand springs.
   
   
7. Parallel Mechanical Seals: Parallel seals are a heavy duty single spring seal. They can use different methods of providing the face to the seal and can be supplied with either left- or right-hand wound springs. A good general-purpose seal, they are used in marine pumps, waste-water, pulp and paper and textile applications as well as refrigeration compressors.
   
   
8. Multi Spring Seals: Proven effective design, PTFE wedge styles are often used in chemical the chemical industry for arduous applications such as corrosive process fluids.
   

• Double seals provide a level of safety/zero emissions compliance not possible with single seals. This is essential when pumping or mixing a dangerous or toxic substance.
  
  
• Double seals are a must-have for certain applications in many countries
  
  
• These seals are increasingly used by companies to meet specific environmental goals or emissions requirements.
  

• Prevent a hazardous product from reaching the atmosphere/polluting the environment
  
  
• Avoid leakage of an expensive process fluid product
  
  
• Maximize seal life by controlling the type of fluid film on the seal faces
  
  
• Isolate the mechanical seal from atmospheric conditions
  
  
• Provide an alternative when the process fluid will not provide stable and reliable lubrication of the seal faces (such as gaseous media, viscous fluids, non-settling slurries, or fluids liable to harden)
  
  
• Establish a backup seal in the event of an inboard seal failure or planned equipment repair (or to identify seal failure during operation)
  
  
• Avoid contamination of the process media should one seal fail