Phosphoric acid tributyl ester

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#1
Phosphoric acid tributyl ester 

    Phosphoric acid tributyl ester, also known as tributyl phosphate or TBP, is an industrial chemical.

    TBP is used mainly in industrial settings in aviation hydraulic fluids as a flame retardant, as an extraction solvent for rare earth metals from ores, in the manufacture of uranium trioxide, as a defoaming agent, as a plasticizer and in hydraulic fluid and coatings.  It is also found in some paints and brake fluids. 

    TBP is not manufactured in Canada, but is imported into Canada.

    Prior to the assessment, TBP was identified as a potential concern to human health based on its classification by international organizations as a substance which was found to cause cancer in laboratory animals, and based on a moderate potential for exposure to Canadians.

    TBP may be found in indoor air and drinking water in Canada.

    Canadians may be exposed to TBP during use of certain consumer products containing TBP such as paints and brake fluid.

    Exposure of the general population in Canada to TBP is expected to be low.

    The Government of Canada has conducted a science-based evaluation of TBP, called a  screening assessment.

    The Government of Canada has concluded that TBP is not harmful to human health at current levels of exposure.

    Based on the conclusion of the final screening assessment, no further action will be taken on TBP.

    The final screening assessment report was published on August 22, 2009.

    Because Canadians' exposure to TBP is expected to be low, the Government of Canada is not currently recommending specific actions by Canadians to reduce their exposure.

    As a general precaution, Canadians are reminded to carefully follow safety warnings and directions when using products containing TBP.

    Tributyl phosphate

    TBP is a  solvent  and  plasticizer  for cellulose esters such as  nitrocellulose  and  cellulose acetate. It forms stable  hydrophobic  complexes  with some metals; these complexes are soluble in organic solvents as well as  supercritical CO2. The major uses of TBP in industry are as a component of aircraft  hydraulic fluid,  brake fluid, and as a solvent for extraction and purification of  rare-earth metals  from their  ores.

    TBP finds its use as a solvent in  inks, synthetic  resins,  gums,  adhesives  (namely for  veneer  plywood), and  herbicide  and  fungicide  concentrates.

    As it has no odour, it is used as an  anti-foaming agent  in  detergent  solutions, and in various  emulsions,  paints, and  adhesives. It is also found as a de-foamer in  ethylene glycol-borax  antifreeze  solutions.[citation needed]  In oil-based  lubricants  addition of TBP increases the oil film strength. It is used also in  mercerizing  liquids, where it improves their  wetting  properties. It can be used as a  heat-exchange  medium.TBP is used in some consumer products such as  herbicides  and water-thinned paints and tinting bases.

    Nuclear chemistry[edit]

    A 15–40% (usually about 30%) solution of tributyl phosphate in  kerosene  or  dodecane  is used in the  liquid–liquid extraction  (solvent extraction) of  uranium,  plutonium, and  thorium  from spent uranium  nuclear fuel  rods dissolved in  nitric acid, as part of a  nuclear reprocessing  process known as  PUREX.

    The shipment of 20 tons of tributyl phosphate to  North Korea  from  China  in 2002, coinciding with the resumption of activity at  Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center, was seen by the  United States  and the  International Atomic Energy Agency  as cause for concern; that amount was considered sufficient to extract enough material for perhaps three to five potential  nuclear weapons.

    Tributyl phosphate Chemical Properties,Uses,Production

        Tributyl phosphate (TBP) is an organophosphorus compound widely used as a solvent in nuclear fuel reprocessing for the extraction of uranium and plutonium from other radionuclides.
The major uses of tributyl phosphate (TBP) in industry are as a flame retardant component of aircraft hydraulic fluid and as a solvent for rare earth extraction and purification. Minor uses of TBP include use as a defoamer additive in cement casings for oil wells, as an anti-air entrainment additive for coatings and floor finishes, as a solvent in nuclear fuel processing, and as a carrier for fluorescent dyes.
The microbial degradation of tributyl phosphate was carried out using Klebsiella pneumoniae S3 isolated from the soil. The solubilization behavior of TBP in aqueous solutions of L64-Pluronics was studied using light and small angle neutron scattering (SANS).
   
        UsesTributyl phosphate (TBP) is a trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid. TBP is a toxic organophosphorous compound widely used in many industrial applications, including significant usage in nuclear processing. TBP is a solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters such as nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate. The major uses of TBP in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid and as a solvent for extraction and purification of rare earth metals from their ores, such as uranium and plutonium. TBP is used also in mercerizing liquids, where it improves their wetting properties. TBP is also used as a heat exchange medium. TBP is used in some consumer products such as herbicides and water thinned paints and tinting bases.Preparation
 
        Tributyl phosphate is manufactured by reaction of phosphoryl chloride with n-butanol.
A 1-liter four-necked flask is fitted with an efficient condenser, an air-tight stirrer, a short-stemmed dropping funnel and a thermometer. Calcium chloride tubes are attached to the top of dropping funnel and the reflux condenser. 137 ml (111 g) of dry n-butyl alcohol, 132.5 ml (130 g) of dry pyridine and 140 ml of dry benzene are placed in the flask, which is stirred and cooled in an ice-salt mixture until the temperature falls to – 5° C. 40.5 ml (76.5 g) of freshly redistilled (b.p. 106-107° C) phosphorus oxychloride are dropwise added from the funnel at such a rate that the temperature does not rise above 10° C. When all phosphorus oxychloride has been added the reaction mixture is gently refluxed for 2 hours and cooled to room temperature. 250 ml of water are added in order to dissolve the pyridine hydrochloride, the benzene layer is separated, washed several times with water until the washings are neutral, and dried over anhydrous sodium or magnesium sulfate. The benzene is removed by evaporation and crude tributyl phosphate is purified by distillation in a vacuum. The fraction boiling at 160-162°/15 mm or 138-140°/6 mm is collected yielding 95 g of pure tributyl phosphate.
   
    99%TBP
   
        Potential Exposure
   
        The industrial application of this chemical is responsible for occupational exposure and environmental pollution. Exposure to TBP can be from ingestion, inhalation, or skin or eye contact. This exposure will most often happen from occupational use of hydraulic fluid. If TBP is released to the environment, it will bind tightly to dust particles in the air. Unbound TBP will break down in air. It will move slowly through soil because it will bind with soil particles. It may volatilize slowly from moist soil and water surfaces. It may build up in aquatic organisms. It will be broken down in water by microbes.
   
        Description
   
        On decomposition, TBP releases COx, toxic fumes of phosphoric acid, phosphorus oxides, and/or phosphine. TBP is incompatible with strong oxidising agents and alkalis. The major uses of TBP in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid and as a solvent for rare earth extraction and purification. Minor uses of TBP include use as a defoamer additive in cement casings for oil wells, an anti-air entrainment additive for coatings and floor finishes, as well as a carrier for fluorescent dyes. The major uses of TBP comprise over 80% of the volume produced.
   
    Chemical Properties

        Stable, colorless liquid; odorless. Miscible with most solvents and diluents; soluble in water. Combustible.
 
        Physical properties
   
        Clear, colorless to pale yellow, odorless, slightly flammable, oily liquid
   
        Uses
   
        Plasticizer for cellulose esters, lacquers, plastics, and vinyl resins.
   
        Uses
   
        Tributyl phosphate is used as a plasticizer for cellulose esters, vinyl resins, and lacquers; and in making fireretardants, biocides, defoamers, and catalysts.
   
        Uses
   
        Tributyl phosphate is used as an antifoaming agent; plasticizer for cellulose esters, lacquers, plastic, and vinyl resins; component in hydraulic fluids for aircraft control systems.
   
        Definition
   
        ChEBI: A trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.
   
        Production Methods
   
        Prepared by the reaction of phosphorus oxychloride with butyl alcohol.
   
    General Description

    Tributyl phosphate is an organophosphorus compound, which is widely used as a flame retardant and plasticizer in a variety of industrial products.

        Air & Water Reactions
   
        Water insoluble. Reacts slowly with water under basic conditions.
   
        Reactivity Profile
   
        Tributyl phosphate is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong bases. Attacks some forms of plastics and rubber .
   
        Health Hazard
   
        Tributyl phosphate is a neurotoxic compound and an irritant. The toxic effects are characteristic of organic phosphates. It inhibits cholinesterase activity and causes paralysis. Inaddition,itcancausedepressionofthecentralnervoussystem,aswellasirritationofthe skin,eyes,andrespiratorypassage.Inhalation toxicity data in the literature are inconsistent.
The oral toxicity in rats was low; the LD50 value was reported as 1189 mg/kg (NIOSH 1986).
The pure liquid instilled into rabbits’ eyes caused severe irritation but no permanent damage. The irritation effect on the skin is mild.
Tributyl phosphate exhibited teratogenic effects in rats. There is no report on its carcinogenicity..
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#1
Phosphoric acid tributyl ester 

    Phosphoric acid tributyl ester, also known as tributyl phosphate or TBP, is an industrial chemical.

    TBP is used mainly in industrial settings in aviation hydraulic fluids as a flame retardant, as an extraction solvent for rare earth metals from ores, in the manufacture of uranium trioxide, as a defoaming agent, as a plasticizer and in hydraulic fluid and coatings.  It is also found in some paints and brake fluids. 

    TBP is not manufactured in Canada, but is imported into Canada.

    Prior to the assessment, TBP was identified as a potential concern to human health based on its classification by international organizations as a substance which was found to cause cancer in laboratory animals, and based on a moderate potential for exposure to Canadians.

    TBP may be found in indoor air and drinking water in Canada.

    Canadians may be exposed to TBP during use of certain consumer products containing TBP such as paints and brake fluid.

    Exposure of the general population in Canada to TBP is expected to be low.

    The Government of Canada has conducted a science-based evaluation of TBP, called a  screening assessment.

    The Government of Canada has concluded that TBP is not harmful to human health at current levels of exposure.

    Based on the conclusion of the final screening assessment, no further action will be taken on TBP.

    The final screening assessment report was published on August 22, 2009.

    Because Canadians' exposure to TBP is expected to be low, the Government of Canada is not currently recommending specific actions by Canadians to reduce their exposure.

    As a general precaution, Canadians are reminded to carefully follow safety warnings and directions when using products containing TBP.

    Tributyl phosphate

    TBP is a  solvent  and  plasticizer  for cellulose esters such as  nitrocellulose  and  cellulose acetate. It forms stable  hydrophobic  complexes  with some metals; these complexes are soluble in organic solvents as well as  supercritical CO2. The major uses of TBP in industry are as a component of aircraft  hydraulic fluid,  brake fluid, and as a solvent for extraction and purification of  rare-earth metals  from their  ores.

    TBP finds its use as a solvent in  inks, synthetic  resins,  gums,  adhesives  (namely for  veneer  plywood), and  herbicide  and  fungicide  concentrates.

    As it has no odour, it is used as an  anti-foaming agent  in  detergent  solutions, and in various  emulsions,  paints, and  adhesives. It is also found as a de-foamer in  ethylene glycol-borax  antifreeze  solutions.[citation needed]  In oil-based  lubricants  addition of TBP increases the oil film strength. It is used also in  mercerizing  liquids, where it improves their  wetting  properties. It can be used as a  heat-exchange  medium.TBP is used in some consumer products such as  herbicides  and water-thinned paints and tinting bases.

    Nuclear chemistry[edit]

    A 15–40% (usually about 30%) solution of tributyl phosphate in  kerosene  or  dodecane  is used in the  liquid–liquid extraction  (solvent extraction) of  uranium,  plutonium, and  thorium  from spent uranium  nuclear fuel  rods dissolved in  nitric acid, as part of a  nuclear reprocessing  process known as  PUREX.

    The shipment of 20 tons of tributyl phosphate to  North Korea  from  China  in 2002, coinciding with the resumption of activity at  Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center, was seen by the  United States  and the  International Atomic Energy Agency  as cause for concern; that amount was considered sufficient to extract enough material for perhaps three to five potential  nuclear weapons.

    Tributyl phosphate Chemical Properties,Uses,Production

        Tributyl phosphate (TBP) is an organophosphorus compound widely used as a solvent in nuclear fuel reprocessing for the extraction of uranium and plutonium from other radionuclides.
The major uses of tributyl phosphate (TBP) in industry are as a flame retardant component of aircraft hydraulic fluid and as a solvent for rare earth extraction and purification. Minor uses of TBP include use as a defoamer additive in cement casings for oil wells, as an anti-air entrainment additive for coatings and floor finishes, as a solvent in nuclear fuel processing, and as a carrier for fluorescent dyes.
The microbial degradation of tributyl phosphate was carried out using Klebsiella pneumoniae S3 isolated from the soil. The solubilization behavior of TBP in aqueous solutions of L64-Pluronics was studied using light and small angle neutron scattering (SANS).
   
        UsesTributyl phosphate (TBP) is a trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid. TBP is a toxic organophosphorous compound widely used in many industrial applications, including significant usage in nuclear processing. TBP is a solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters such as nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate. The major uses of TBP in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid and as a solvent for extraction and purification of rare earth metals from their ores, such as uranium and plutonium. TBP is used also in mercerizing liquids, where it improves their wetting properties. TBP is also used as a heat exchange medium. TBP is used in some consumer products such as herbicides and water thinned paints and tinting bases.Preparation
 
        Tributyl phosphate is manufactured by reaction of phosphoryl chloride with n-butanol.
A 1-liter four-necked flask is fitted with an efficient condenser, an air-tight stirrer, a short-stemmed dropping funnel and a thermometer. Calcium chloride tubes are attached to the top of dropping funnel and the reflux condenser. 137 ml (111 g) of dry n-butyl alcohol, 132.5 ml (130 g) of dry pyridine and 140 ml of dry benzene are placed in the flask, which is stirred and cooled in an ice-salt mixture until the temperature falls to – 5° C. 40.5 ml (76.5 g) of freshly redistilled (b.p. 106-107° C) phosphorus oxychloride are dropwise added from the funnel at such a rate that the temperature does not rise above 10° C. When all phosphorus oxychloride has been added the reaction mixture is gently refluxed for 2 hours and cooled to room temperature. 250 ml of water are added in order to dissolve the pyridine hydrochloride, the benzene layer is separated, washed several times with water until the washings are neutral, and dried over anhydrous sodium or magnesium sulfate. The benzene is removed by evaporation and crude tributyl phosphate is purified by distillation in a vacuum. The fraction boiling at 160-162°/15 mm or 138-140°/6 mm is collected yielding 95 g of pure tributyl phosphate.
   
    99%TBP
   
        Potential Exposure
   
        The industrial application of this chemical is responsible for occupational exposure and environmental pollution. Exposure to TBP can be from ingestion, inhalation, or skin or eye contact. This exposure will most often happen from occupational use of hydraulic fluid. If TBP is released to the environment, it will bind tightly to dust particles in the air. Unbound TBP will break down in air. It will move slowly through soil because it will bind with soil particles. It may volatilize slowly from moist soil and water surfaces. It may build up in aquatic organisms. It will be broken down in water by microbes.
   
        Description
   
        On decomposition, TBP releases COx, toxic fumes of phosphoric acid, phosphorus oxides, and/or phosphine. TBP is incompatible with strong oxidising agents and alkalis. The major uses of TBP in industry are as a component of aircraft hydraulic fluid and as a solvent for rare earth extraction and purification. Minor uses of TBP include use as a defoamer additive in cement casings for oil wells, an anti-air entrainment additive for coatings and floor finishes, as well as a carrier for fluorescent dyes. The major uses of TBP comprise over 80% of the volume produced.
   
    Chemical Properties

        Stable, colorless liquid; odorless. Miscible with most solvents and diluents; soluble in water. Combustible.
 
        Physical properties
   
        Clear, colorless to pale yellow, odorless, slightly flammable, oily liquid
   
        Uses
   
        Plasticizer for cellulose esters, lacquers, plastics, and vinyl resins.
   
        Uses
   
        Tributyl phosphate is used as a plasticizer for cellulose esters, vinyl resins, and lacquers; and in making fireretardants, biocides, defoamers, and catalysts.
   
        Uses
   
        Tributyl phosphate is used as an antifoaming agent; plasticizer for cellulose esters, lacquers, plastic, and vinyl resins; component in hydraulic fluids for aircraft control systems.
   
        Definition
   
        ChEBI: A trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.
   
        Production Methods
   
        Prepared by the reaction of phosphorus oxychloride with butyl alcohol.
   
    General Description

    Tributyl phosphate is an organophosphorus compound, which is widely used as a flame retardant and plasticizer in a variety of industrial products.

        Air & Water Reactions
   
        Water insoluble. Reacts slowly with water under basic conditions.
   
        Reactivity Profile
   
        Tributyl phosphate is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong bases. Attacks some forms of plastics and rubber .
   
        Health Hazard
   
        Tributyl phosphate is a neurotoxic compound and an irritant. The toxic effects are characteristic of organic phosphates. It inhibits cholinesterase activity and causes paralysis. Inaddition,itcancausedepressionofthecentralnervoussystem,aswellasirritationofthe skin,eyes,andrespiratorypassage.Inhalation toxicity data in the literature are inconsistent.
The oral toxicity in rats was low; the LD50 value was reported as 1189 mg/kg (NIOSH 1986).
The pure liquid instilled into rabbits’ eyes caused severe irritation but no permanent damage. The irritation effect on the skin is mild.
Tributyl phosphate exhibited teratogenic effects in rats. There is no report on its carcinogenicity..
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